12. 仮想環境とパッケージ

12.1. はじめに

Python アプリケーションはよく標準ライブラリ以外のパッケージやモジュールを利用します。またアプリケーションがあるバグ修正を必要としていたり、過去のバージョンのインターフェイスに依存しているために、ライブラリの特定のバージョンを必要とすることもあります。

そのため、1つのインストールされたPythonが全てのアプリケーションの要求に対応することは不可能です。もしアプリケーションAがあるモジュールのバージョン 1.0 を要求していて、別のアプリケーションBが同じモジュールのバージョン 2.0 を要求している場合、2つの要求は衝突していて、1.0 と 2.0 のどちらかのバージョンをインストールしても片方のアプリケーションが動きません。

The solution for this problem is to create a virtual environment (often shortened to "virtualenv"), a self-contained directory tree that contains a Python installation for a particular version of Python, plus a number of additional packages.

Different applications can then use different virtual environments. To resolve the earlier example of conflicting requirements, application A can have its own virtual environment with version 1.0 installed while application B has another virtualenv with version 2.0. If application B requires a library be upgraded to version 3.0, this will not affect application A's environment.

12.2. 仮想環境の作成

The script used to create and manage virtual environments is called pyvenv. pyvenv will usually install the most recent version of Python that you have available; the script is also installed with a version number, so if you have multiple versions of Python on your system you can select a specific Python version by running pyvenv-3.4 or whichever version you want.

To create a virtualenv, decide upon a directory where you want to place it and run pyvenv with the directory path:

pyvenv tutorial-env

これは tutorial-env ディレクトリがなければ作成して、その中に Python インタプリタ、標準ライブラリ、その他関連するファイルを含むサブディレクトリを作ります。

Once you've created a virtual environment, you need to activate it.

Windows の場合:

tutorial-env/Scripts/activate

Unix や Mac OS の場合:

source tutorial-env/bin/activate

(このスクリプトは bash shell で書かれています。 csh や fish を利用している場合、代わりに利用できる activate.csh と activate.fish スクリプトがあります。)

Activating the virtualenv will change your shell's prompt to show what virtualenv you're using, and modify the environment so that running python will get you that particular version and installation of Python. For example:

-> source ~/envs/tutorial-env/bin/activate
(tutorial-env) -> python
Python 3.4.3+ (3.4:c7b9645a6f35+, May 22 2015, 09:31:25)
  ...
>>> import sys
>>> sys.path
['', '/usr/local/lib/python34.zip', ...,
'~/envs/tutorial-env/lib/python3.4/site-packages']
>>>

12.3. pip を使ったパッケージ管理

Once you've activated a virtual environment, you can install, upgrade, and remove packages using a program called pip. By default pip will install packages from the Python Package Index, <https://pypi.python.org/pypi>. You can browse the Python Package Index by going to it in your web browser, or you can use pip's limited search feature:

(tutorial-env) -> pip search astronomy
skyfield               - Elegant astronomy for Python
gary                   - Galactic astronomy and gravitational dynamics.
novas                  - The United States Naval Observatory NOVAS astronomy library
astroobs               - Provides astronomy ephemeris to plan telescope observations
PyAstronomy            - A collection of astronomy related tools for Python.
...

pip は "search", "install", "uninstall", "freeze" など、いくつかのサブコマンドを持っています。 (pip の完全なドキュメントは Python モジュールのインストール ガイドを参照してください。)

You can install the latest version of a package by specifying a package's name:

-> pip install novas
Collecting novas
  Downloading novas-3.1.1.3.tar.gz (136kB)
Installing collected packages: novas
  Running setup.py install for novas
Successfully installed novas-3.1.1.3

You can also install a specific version of a package by giving the package name followed by == and the version number:

-> pip install requests==2.6.0
Collecting requests==2.6.0
  Using cached requests-2.6.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: requests
Successfully installed requests-2.6.0

If you re-run this command, pip will notice that the requested version is already installed and do nothing. You can supply a different version number to get that version, or you can run pip install --upgrade to upgrade the package to the latest version:

-> pip install --upgrade requests
Collecting requests
Installing collected packages: requests
  Found existing installation: requests 2.6.0
    Uninstalling requests-2.6.0:
      Successfully uninstalled requests-2.6.0
Successfully installed requests-2.7.0

pip uninstall コマンドに削除するパッケージ名を1つ以上指定します。

pip show will display information about a particular package:

(tutorial-env) -> pip show requests
---
Metadata-Version: 2.0
Name: requests
Version: 2.7.0
Summary: Python HTTP for Humans.
Home-page: http://python-requests.org
Author: Kenneth Reitz
Author-email: me@kennethreitz.com
License: Apache 2.0
Location: /Users/akuchling/envs/tutorial-env/lib/python3.4/site-packages
Requires:

pip list will display all of the packages installed in the virtual environment:

(tutorial-env) -> pip list
novas (3.1.1.3)
numpy (1.9.2)
pip (7.0.3)
requests (2.7.0)
setuptools (16.0)

pip freeze will produce a similar list of the installed packages, but the output uses the format that pip install expects. A common convention is to put this list in a requirements.txt file:

(tutorial-env) -> pip freeze > requirements.txt
(tutorial-env) -> cat requirements.txt
novas==3.1.1.3
numpy==1.9.2
requests==2.7.0

The requirements.txt can then be committed to version control and shipped as part of an application. Users can then install all the necessary packages with install -r:

-> pip install -r requirements.txt
Collecting novas==3.1.1.3 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))
  ...
Collecting numpy==1.9.2 (from -r requirements.txt (line 2))
  ...
Collecting requests==2.7.0 (from -r requirements.txt (line 3))
  ...
Installing collected packages: novas, numpy, requests
  Running setup.py install for novas
Successfully installed novas-3.1.1.3 numpy-1.9.2 requests-2.7.0

pip にはたくさんのオプションがあります。 pip の完全なドキュメントは Python モジュールのインストール を参照してください。パッケージを作成してそれを Python Package Index で公開したい場合、 Python モジュールの配布 ガイドを参照してください。